Ketogenic diets, low in carbohydrates, show a curious ability to reduce the occurrence of epileptic seizures in some individuals. A relationship explored by science for several decades.
To explain this, it must be considered that these diets profoundly alter brain metabolism. When carbohydrates are scarce, the body generates ketones from lipids, providing the brain with an alternative fuel. This change in energy source brings consistency, likely to calm neuronal hyperactivity and limit the chaotic discharges that cause seizures.
Pixabay illustration image
Recent work, synthesized in
The Lancet Neurology, indicates that the effects go beyond simple energy supply. These diets might also reduce brain inflammation and protect neurons, creating an internal environment less prone to disturbances.
The described mechanisms are not limited to epilepsy. Preliminary explorations indicate that metabolism-based approaches, such as ketogenic diets, could be useful for other neurological disorders. This opens the way to new therapeutic applications, although further validations are needed.
To move forward, it is essential to conduct larger randomized clinical trials, especially in adults, and to develop treatments that replicate the benefits of ketogenic diets without imposing strict dietary restrictions. This would broaden the available options and improve patients' quality of life.
How ketones act as brain fuel
Ketones are molecules produced by the liver when carbohydrate intake is low. They serve as an alternative energy source to glucose, particularly for the brain. This metabolic change allows for a more stable energy supply, which can prevent the fluctuations that trigger epileptic seizures.
The brain's use of ketones involves specific transporters that deliver them to neurons. Once inside, they are metabolized to produce ATP, the cellular energy molecule. This process is often more efficient than that of glucose, reducing oxidative stress and improving neuronal function.
Unlike glucose, whose levels can fluctuate rapidly, ketones offer a constant supply. This regularity helps maintain the electrical balance of neurons, thus minimizing the risks of overactivity. Furthermore, ketones can influence cellular signaling, contributing to a calmer and more resilient brain environment.
This metabolic adaptation is at the heart of the effects of ketogenic diets.