Is transforming Mars into a habitable planet achievable? A team of scientists is re-examining this question with recent advances in planetary science and biotechnology. Their work, published in
Nature Astronomy, explores the technical and biological challenges of such an endeavor.
The researchers propose a methodical approach to assess the feasibility of terraforming Mars. They particularly study how to warm the planet and thicken its atmosphere, relying on genetically modified microbes to produce oxygen. This method could, in the long term, enable the presence of liquid water and more complex life forms.
The study emphasizes the importance of understanding Martian resources, such as water and carbon dioxide reserves, before considering any transformation. Scientists warn of the risks and high costs of such a project while acknowledging its potential to advance science.
The technologies developed for Mars could also benefit Earth. Among them are drought-resistant crops and innovative soil rehabilitation methods. These innovations could help solve some of the environmental challenges our planet faces.
This study marks a turning point in thinking about Mars' habitability. It combines scientific rigor with long-term vision while remaining realistic about the obstacles to overcome. The next steps will involve experiments on Earth and, eventually, on Mars itself.
How could microbes transform Mars' atmosphere?
Genetically modified microbes are being considered as a solution to produce oxygen on Mars. These organisms could perform photosynthesis, a process that converts carbon dioxide into oxygen under the effect of light.
This approach is inspired by what happened on Earth billions of years ago when cyanobacteria began enriching our atmosphere with oxygen. On Mars, the process would be accelerated and directed by humans, but it would take decades, if not centuries, to achieve significant results.
The obstacles include the survival of microbes in Mars' hostile environment and their ability to withstand extremely low temperatures. Scientists are also exploring how these microbes could interact with Martian soil, which is rich in perchlorates—compounds toxic to most terrestrial life forms.
Despite these challenges, the use of microbes represents a promising avenue to initiate the terraforming process. It illustrates how synthetic biology could play a key role in space exploration.
The ethical risks of terraforming Mars
Terraforming Mars raises important ethical questions, particularly concerning the preservation of its natural environment. Some scientists fear that human intervention could destroy valuable clues about the planet's history and the possibility of past life.
There is also a debate about humanity's right to modify an entire planet. Some argue that Mars should be protected as a universal heritage, while others see its colonization as a necessity for the survival of the human species.
Biological risks are another concern. The introduction of terrestrial organisms could have unpredictable consequences on any existing Martian ecosystem. It could also compromise future research on extraterrestrial life.