Modern technologies have unveiled a 3,000-year-old fortress, much larger than expected. Nestled in the Caucasus mountains, this discovery revolutionizes our understanding of bronze age societies.
Shading (top left) and orthophotography (top right) of the fortress core, with plan of trench 2 excavations.
Figure by N. Erb-Satullo.
The Dmanisis Gora region, located in Georgia, is an exceptional archaeological site. Using drones, researchers have mapped a defensive structure extending over a kilometer (0.62 miles), revealing a settlement 40 times larger than initial estimates. This fortress, dating from the late bronze age, offers a unique glimpse into the social and economic dynamics of the time.
An unexpected discovery
During initial excavations, archaeologists explored a small fortified area. However, in autumn, the disappearance of summer vegetation revealed walls and structures far beyond the central fortress. Unable to grasp the scale of the site from the ground, researchers used drones to capture nearly 11,000 images.
These photographs enabled the creation of precise 3D models, revealing a vast outer settlement protected by a monumental enclosure. Comparisons with cold war satellite images helped distinguish ancient structures from more modern modifications.
A site with multiple mysteries
The Dmanisis Gora fortress may have served as a convergence point for nomadic pastoral groups. Researchers suggest that the outer settlement would have expanded and contracted seasonally, reflecting population movements related to livestock.
Despite its impressive size, the site shows little evidence of intensive occupation. This peculiarity intrigues scientists, who consider temporary or ceremonial use. Excavations have already uncovered thousands of pottery fragments and animal bones, testifying to the daily life of the ancient inhabitants.
A window into the past
Dmanisis Gora offers a new perspective on late bronze age societies. Its size and complexity disrupt traditional urbanization models, suggesting a more sophisticated social organization than expected. Future research could shed light on agricultural practices, livestock movements, and population density.
This discovery also highlights the importance of the Caucasus as a cultural crossroads between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Interactions between sedentary and nomadic communities likely played a key role in the development of this unique fortress.
Article author: Cédric DEPOND