Researchers have made an unexpected discovery: a new cell could revolutionize medicine. Hidden within the aorta of adult mice, this cell confirms a hypothesis that is over a century old. Its role? To repair damaged tissues.
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The scientists have named this cell the "EndoMac progenitor." Unlike ordinary cells, it can transform into two distinct types: an endothelial cell (responsible for the formation of blood vessels), and a macrophage (a type of white blood cell essential for tissue repair and immune defense). This dual ability makes it an ideal candidate for tissue regeneration.
The discovery of these EndoMac cells is based on the observation of the outer layer of the aorta in adult mice. What sets them apart? They multiply rapidly in response to certain stimuli like injury or poor blood circulation. This ability could pave the way for new approaches in treating certain diseases, such as diabetes, where wound healing is often impaired.
In tests on diabetic mice, EndoMac cells showed remarkable results by speeding up the healing of wounds, which normally take much longer to heal. These cells also offer a significant advantage: they do not express the usual "identity" markers, reducing the risk of rejection during cell transplants.
This discovery also sheds light on a scientific mystery. A century ago, researchers had theorized the existence of cells capable of producing new macrophages throughout adult life. EndoMac cells may well be the key to this hypothesis.
The research team is now studying the presence of these cells in human tissues. Initial results are promising and hint at potential breakthroughs in regenerative medicine. If this pathway proves successful, EndoMac cells could be used to heal damaged human tissues.
The research is also continuing on the abilities of EndoMac cells to repair other types of tissues, notably skin and muscles. The scientists hope to learn more in the coming months.
What is tissue regeneration?
Tissue regeneration is the process by which damaged or lost tissues are repaired or replaced by new tissues. This mechanism is essential for wound healing, organ repair, and maintaining general health. Regeneration can involve several types of cells, particularly fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages, which collaborate to restore tissue integrity.
This process begins with an inflammatory response, where immune cells are recruited to the injured area to eliminate pathogens and clean up debris. Then, stem cells and progenitor cells, like the EndoMac cells, play a key role by differentiating into various cell types necessary for regeneration. Growth factors and cytokines released during the process also promote cellular proliferation and migration to the injury site.
Tissue regeneration is a dynamic field of research, with increasing interest in regenerative therapies. Advances in understanding stem cells, biomaterials, and tissue engineering are paving the way for new strategies to treat chronic wounds and degenerative diseases.
Article author: Cédric DEPOND