125,000 years ago, on the plains of Germany, groups of Neanderthals were transforming bones into precious energy reserves. A recent discovery is revolutionizing our understanding of their technical and organizational skills.
Research conducted at the Neumark-Nord site reveals sophisticated practices, far removed from the simplistic image of primitive hunter-gatherers. Neanderthals systematically exploited animal fat, a vital resource for surviving harsh climatic conditions. This scientific breakthrough, published in
Science Advances, sheds new light on their subsistence strategies.
From whole bones to tiny fragments.
Photo: Kindler, LEIZA-Monrepos Systematic exploitation of carcasses
Archaeologists have identified over 118,000 bone fragments belonging to 172 large mammals, primarily horses and aurochs. These bones show signs of intentional fractures and heating, indicating careful processing.
The concentration of remains in a limited area suggests a specialized site dedicated to fat production. Neanderthals selected the bones richest in lipids, such as femurs, and avoided less nutritious parts.
This activity required rigorous planning, from hunting to carcass storage. Researchers even hypothesize the use of temporary caches to optimize energy yield.
Unsuspected technical skills
Fat extraction through water heating represents an advanced technique, far more demanding than simply consuming marrow. Neanderthals mastered this process long before Homo sapiens arrived in Europe.
Stone tools and hearths attest to sophisticated know-how. Carbonized plant remains (hazelnuts, acorns) also show a diversified diet combining animal fats and carbohydrates.
These discoveries confirm that Neanderthals adapted their methods to seasonal constraints. Their ability to anticipate winter shortages reflects remarkable practical intelligence.
Article author: Cédric DEPOND