Astronomers have identified cosmic explosions of unprecedented power since the Big Bang. These phenomena, dubbed 'extreme nuclear transients', are redefining our understanding of the most violent events in the Universe.
These explosions occur when massive stars are torn apart by supermassive black holes. Unlike similar events observed in the past, these extreme nuclear transients (ENTs) stand out for their exceptional brightness and prolonged duration. Researchers believe they represent a new category of cosmic phenomena.
The study of these ENTs was made possible through meticulous analysis of data collected by space observatories. Among the notable events, Gaia18cdj stands out with an energy release 25 times greater than that of the most powerful known supernova. This discovery opens new perspectives for the study of supermassive black holes.
ENTs provide a unique window into distant galaxies and their evolution. Their brightness allows astronomers to observe phenomena that occurred when the Universe was much younger. These observations enrich our knowledge of star formation and the feeding of supermassive black holes.
The prolonged duration of ENTs contrasts with that of tidal disruption events, which typically last only a few hours. This characteristic, combined with their extreme brightness, suggests physical mechanisms that are still poorly understood. Researchers expect future observations to shed light on these processes.
The implications of this discovery are vast, touching on both fundamental astrophysics and our understanding of cosmic evolution. ENTs could also serve as cosmic beacons, illuminating the darkest regions of the Universe and revealing previously invisible structures.
This study, published in
Science Advances, marks a turning point in high-energy astronomy. It highlights the importance of space missions like Gaia and ZTF in detecting rare and extreme phenomena. Astronomers already anticipate new discoveries as observational instruments become more sensitive.
How do supermassive black holes influence their environment?
Supermassive black holes, located at the center of galaxies, play a key role in their evolution. Their extreme gravity can tear stars apart, triggering explosions like ENTs, and influence star formation.
The energy released during these events can heat surrounding gas, preventing the formation of new stars or, conversely, stimulating it under certain conditions. These processes are still poorly understood, but ENTs offer a new perspective for studying them.
Supermassive black holes are also powerful sources of radiation and particle jets. These phenomena can affect entire regions of galaxies, shaping their structure and dynamics on cosmic scales.
The study of ENTs and their relationship with supermassive black holes is therefore crucial for understanding not only these extreme objects, but also the evolution of galaxies and the Universe as a whole.